Classification Of Rape Article Review - 1042 Words

Classification of Rape: Article Review Natalie Romero SYG 2000 â€Å"Preferred Labels and Penalties for Forced Sexual Intercourse† Robert T. Sigler International Journal of the Sociology of Law (1995) The definition of rape is still debated in today’s society. Considering this, it’s not hard to believe there was confusion around the 1990s, when rape had just begun gaining importance. The new emphasis on rape and sexual assault can be tied to the emerging feminist movement. Date rape was a term coined in the 1980s vaguely used to describe rape between acquaintances or rape occurring between two individuals who have been on a date. The term â€Å"acquaintances† was interpreted differently across the nation, therefore making it difficult to have a basic protocol for punishment. Furthermore, because some interpreted date rape differently than others (acquaintance rape or rape between people who have been on a date), there was confusion regarding what serious or legitimate rape was. Preferred Labels and Penalties for Forced Sexual Intercourse revolves around the different classifications of rape and the legal approach to them by different college students. Using th is sample, Robert T. Sigler finds trends in the classification of rape and the appropriate punishment within the framework of gender and fraternity or sorority affiliation. Summary Over time, attitude towards rape (or forced sexual intercourse) has changed greatly. By the 1990s, rape had generally gained importance andShow MoreRelatedThe Problems with Statutory Rape Essay examples1006 Words   |  5 Pageslaws surrounding statutory rape. Although the laws are in place to help people, many people see them as unfair and they believe that there are changes that could be made to help improve these laws. A major problem with statutory rape laws is that each state has a different law. 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Sexual Harassment is defined as the unprompted male conduct that asserts a women’s sex role over her function as employee or intimidation of a sexual nature or the inappropriate

The Civil War The American Revolution And The Secession...

Americans before the Civil War came to the United States to acquire self-preservation and to explore the foundation of capitalism. Songwriters such as Stephen Foster, felt the American people needed an image to follow a need for Puritan mentality. Without a doubt, music purposely expressed these movements by the usage of musical lyrics to analyze the discrimination against African American slaves and the secession of the United States, which reflected the turmoil of the separated Puritan communities. In short, after the American Revolution, many Americans feared the idea of self-preservation within communities, expressing that Americans had no real endeavor in working together. Moreover, writers like J. Hector St. John de Crà ¨vecÅ“ur, practiced to establish a diverse America, not only to separate Americans and show how different they act according to their surroundings, but helped to express how an environment can change one’s self-preservation. Nevertheless, Americans le ft a deliberate standing point to follow as countless Puritans did before. The purpose of how music can diversify a community and make Americans’ self-preservation move toward their surroundings remained the example left by these idols. Undoubtedly, the environment itself obtained the biggest challenge for American Puritans. In any case, with the help of Foster’s intuition about how Americans should act as a community and the emotions that thrived within the musical lyrics of his songs—Beautiful Dreamer, Oh!Show MoreRelatedThe War Of The American Civil War856 Words   |  4 Pagesas the catalyst of the American Civil War, but the beginning of the dispute began in the time of the Revolution with a weak decentralized government under the Articles of Confederation. 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In this time, many social and constitutional advancements brought about great change and discord in the country. However, some of these constitutional developments ended up causing conflict such as the civil rights bills and Emancipation Proclamation, in addition to the social developments such as the Black Codes, Ku

Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Oil and Gas

Question: Critically analyse alternative means available to ensure the sustainable development of oil and gas industries. Evaluate and contrast actions by consumers and governments to strengthen measures for sustainable development of oil and gas industries. Answer: Introduction The global energy market revolves around oil and gas exploration and has been an essential means to ensure economic growth and social development all across the world. Oil and gas fulfills the energy requirement of the people and it is predicted by International Energy Agency (IEA) that it is going to meet more than 48 % of the total energy demand of the world by the year 2035.(Barrow (2006)) Owing to the increase in the worlds population and improvement in the standard of living ,the demand for oil and gas is increasing by leaps and bounds which leads to its continuous exploration putting a huge challenge in the path of sustainable development of resources and minimizing its impact on the environment. The activities performed in oil and gas sector are prone to high risk and has detrimental impact on environment. Today the petroleum industry has been modernized and is fetching the even increasing revenue and is helping the society to grow but like many other natural resources oil and gas reserves are also vulnerable to exhaustion but also there is a demand from the industry to turn towards sustainability and also the requirement of adherence to the legal and regulatory framework to achieve the right balance between the industrial advancements and achievement of ethical standards and corporate governance.(Barrow (2002)) Need for Sustainable Development Oil and gas industry in todays time is facing a huge challenge to adopt strategies for sustainable development due to the rising demand of the fuel as they are playing eminent role in providing safe, emission free fuel at the reasonable cost. United Nations has launched a program by the name of Sustainable energy for everyone to ensure the global access to safe energy sources, increasing the market share of renewable energy and advancement in the technology for harnessing the fuel efficiently. (Welford (2000))The three objectives which UN has laid down can be achieved by oil and gas companies and companies can look forward to increasing their market share in the renewable sources of energy by the adoption of advanced, innovative eco- friendly technology for the generation of bio fuels rather than relying upon only the oil and gas productions. Alternatives ways to ensure sustainability of oil and gas One step taken by the oil and gas industry which has led to the achievement of one of the goals of UN is the reduction in the gas flare which posed a major problem contributing more than 1% of the emission of greenhouse gas. Research has shown that gas flaring has been reduced to more than 20 % to around 130 billion cubic meters from 172 within 5 years from 2005 to 2010.Firms in oil and gas industry has been reported to take steps to ensure sustainability for the social and environmental stability .Many oil majors have become members of oil and gas industry association for social and environmental issues (IPIECA) to establish framework of sustainability ,adhering to the guidelines and provide reports on the impact of firms operations on the environment, health and society.(Shell Global2014).Also these firms are providing information to the agency on their performance in relation to the environment and society. (higgins (2014))Oil and gas industry is supplying the major proportion of energy resource that is needed to fuel the economic and social development and will continue to do so along with extending their efforts to manage their operations in a safe and efficient manner there by reducing the greenhouse emissions and striking the right balance between the economic prosperity, social development at the same time fulfilling the social and environmental responsibility. Measures adopted by the Government and others agencies for realization of sustainability goal Firms need to devise ways to provide the fossil fuels as well as the alternative sources to energy to meet the ever increasing demand of the society in an ethical and sustainable ways. Few areas that can be focused by the firms to resolve sustainability issues have been illustrated below: Managing their operations in a safe manner minimizing its impact on the environment Contributing towards the development of framework for sustainable development and its adherence as a part of ethical and social responsibility(ScienceDirect (2000)) Adopting efforts to increase the value of the resources, minimizing its environmental impacts and finding ways for the development of alternative sources of energy by diversifying their existing product line.(Mitchell (2012)) Providing support to the oil exploration projects in the other developing countries of the world. Utilizing the hybridized system technology for the development of alternative sources of fuel and also providing support to the projects on the development of alternative sources of energy and its utilization. Various organizations have come up like Sustainability Accounting Standard Board (SASB) to advice the firms on the standards and the board has set the benchmark and provides expert feedback on the corporate governance and providing range of investment options for the development of alternative sources of energy.(dunlap (2014)) According to the sustainability accounting standard board, there are problems which have become a major environmental concern these days like global warming, scarcity of natural resources including clean drinking water. Also authorities are concerned about the environmental impact of the extraction processes of the oil and gas and its utilization and thus board is trying to put before the industry the material sustainability problem and thus investors should look into more holistic performance of the oil and gas exploration firms rather than performance confined to few attributes like production, valuation. Competitiveness of the oil and gas exploration will now be driven by the factors like carbon emission, corporate governance and the success of the companies in mitigating the impact of the exploration processes on nature. From the past few years concern over the ecological impact of the exploration processes have grown manifold and companies are making huge investments to discover commercially viable oil and gas fields. More than 65 % of the oil and gas producing companies are the members of OPEC which stands for organization of the petroleum exporting companies , however the share of the OPEC firms have been declining over the past few years and have reached below 40%. Steps taken by the companies and the Governments Companies have started utilizing the advanced technologies for the navigation of the risks involved while exploring the new oil fields and also adhere to the regulatory framework and have to comply by the government norms to manage the key issues of the industry, the major issues these days are the concern for global warming, ecological conservation, protection of natural resources, wildlife etc. Companies are asked to report their performance in these areas too and the new concept of sustainability reporting has come up where they provide information about the steps taken by them towards the management of each sustainability issue.( ConocoPhillips.2013). Firms are utilizing advanced systems like ERP softwares for the measurement, management and reporting of the vital information in the form of sustainability reports which can be accessed by the stakeholders anytime. Oil and gas industry is trying to find out the ways to align the industrial development with the ecological protection in an effort to achieve sustainability although filling the peoples demand and at the same time trying to mitigate the environmental impacts of the exploration poses enough challenges before these companies as the promotion of sustainable development is one step ahead than simply adhering to the legal and obligatory norms devised by the governments of different nations and the concerned authorities. Owing to the problems that are associated with the oil and natural gas exploration there is a complicated legal and regulatory framework under which oil producing firms are operating it for example EPA is one such regulatory agency that provides the guidelines and regulations and controls the environmental impacts of the oil exploration processes. Different states where the companies are situated all across the globe have their own regulatory agencies that provide the rules and regulations which the firms must adhere to for the protection of environment thereby achieving ecological sustainability. In United Kingdom in the year 1995, regulations on off shore installations were introduced which provide provisions for the workers on health and safety norms to be adhered to and sets out the objectives of achieving the highest standards of safety and the statuary guidelines which the oil and gas firms must follow. Legislative Policies and Procedures Many national legislations have also been put on the oil and gas firms which regulate the activities of the exploratory nature at each and every step and also laid down the goals of addressing the influence of the off shore exploration on the environment and thus controlling and monitoring of each step from exploration to the dismantling. Companies also need to sign the regional agreements where they are operating in thereby protecting the rights of the locals and adopting steps towards the conservation of bio diversity and demonstrating high level of legal and ethical standards. There are certain voids in the legal framework at the international level which has led to the development of regional agreements which can be signed easily and implemented in a better way .(Rochette et al, 2014) Recommendations Environmental sustainability aims to at achieving the development of human society along with the judicious utilization of the natural resources ensuring their supply generation after generation. The oil and gas firms can adopt environmental friendly, safe systems for oil drilling and dismantling which is not only safe from the environment point of view but also minimizes the risks of oil spills, greenhouse gas emissions and many other problems(Jad Mouawad.2010).Also the governments of various countries can adopt measures towards the adoption of equitable distribution of resources from the oil and gas fields that is one step towards solving the problem of inequality in the society driven by the exploitation of natural resources by few hands. Full disclosure of the companys accounts and accessibility of the records of companies achievements in all terms to the stakeholders adds to the transparency leading to the maintenance of effective monitoring systems and balances .There is a requ irement of effective management strategies that need to be practiced at all the levels towards the establishment of sustainable ways of achieving the oil and gas production and utilization. Conclusion We cannot deny the fact that oil and gas industry is the core of the worlds energy market and the robust population growth and improvement is the standard of living has led to the increased demand of the fuels but at the same time oil and gas production firms are facing challenges to stay competitive and attain growth as most of them are under the stiff scrutiny of their concerned governments and they also have to abide by the legislative procedures and regulations for striking the right balance between the social ,economic development and environmental protection. The realization of the strategies for the production and utilization of the alternative sources of energy are still far away and oil and gas companies plays a crucial role in taking sustainable energy production initiatives. Firms can develop innovative, eco-friendly technologies to reduce their cost of operations and can also diversify their product range towards non- conventional energy resources. Companies can also impr ove their environmental performance by adopting innovative strategies and technologies that emphasize on the production of fuel through sustainable ways which will help it in highlighting its contribution towards fulfilling environmental and social responsibility.(IMF, Country Report ,March 2011).Within past few years oil and gas majors has achieved significant success in the improvement of their production processes and subsequent reduction in gas flaring. Gas flaring being one of the major problem and its reduction is one of the objective of UN sustainable energy for all initiative as it contributes towards more than 1 % of the greenhouse gas emissions. Now the greenhouse gas emissions have been reduced to the extent of more than 20% in between the years 2005 to 2010.In order to fuel the industry growth and development and at the same time meet the challenges of sustainability it is essential that firms invest heavily on the development of innovative technologies based on sustaina ble development of resources that increases the efficiency of the core processes and at the same time helps in managing the operations in a safe manner ,mitigating the environmental impact of the oil and gas production. Bibliography Barrow, C (2002), Environmental Management, Routledge. Barrow, C (2006), Environmental Management for Sustainable Development, Taylor Francis, 2006. dunlap, R (2014), Sustainable Energy - Page xiiix, Timonthy Anderson. higgins, K (2014), Economic Growth and Sustainability:, Elsevier Inc. Mitchell, J (2012), What Next for the Oil and Gas Industry?, Unknown Publisher, 2012. ScienceDirect, E (2000), Energy policy[ - Page 139, McGraw Hill. Welford, R (2000), Corporate environmental management 3:, Earthscan, 2000.

Organisational Analysis Max Brenner Company

Company Overview Max Brenner Company was established in 1996 in Israel in a town outside Tel Aviv. Its name is derived from its founders who were Max Fichtman and Oded Brenner. However, Fichman is not part of the company any more since Brenner bought out his shares in the company. He also later sold it to Strauss-Elite and become a consultant and a shareholder of the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Analysis: Max Brenner Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since its inception, the company has spread to other countries including the US, Australia, Philippines and Singapore. The vision of the company is to spread its chocolate culture throughout the world. The company operates as a restaurant which mainly deals with chocolate products. Its menu contains hot chocolate drinks, desserts, chocolate waffles and wine among many others. It also offers cocktails, breakfast and many more. It sell s its products online and through stores. Max Brenner was incorporated into Strauss Group Ltd 2001 and today, it operates as a subsidiary of the company. Strauss Group Ltd. is also an Israel company which focuses on food products. Max Brenner International Inc. has continued to open up new branches and boutiques with the latest one being the 143-seat restaurant that was recently opened in Boston in the US and to increase the exports of its products. The 143-seat restaurant alone employs 112 workers. Its rapid expansion reflects Max Brenner’s confidence in chocolatier. It is the first chocolate company ever in New York. The company’s international expansion was intended to pave the way for spreading the brands in America and its products across the globe. The company’s 2010 third quarter sales increased by 4.4% having sold ILS 29 million from its previous quarter which was ILS 28 million (Max Brenner International Inc. 2011). In 2006 and earlier years, about 40% of Strauss Group Ltd. Per annum turnover which is approximated to be around $1 dollars is from other countries (Halili 2006). In 2009, its total sales revenue stood at about $32 million (Max Brenner International Inc. 2011). Products and services Max Brenner International Inc. mainly focuses on chocolates; however, its menu has a variety of food products which include chocolate drinks and waffles, sweets, tea and coffee, ice creams, appetizers, wine, desserts and many more. In addition, the company offers cocktails, breakfast as well as well as brunch cocktails. Its menu also contains entrà ©e salads, chocolate martinis, crepes as well as sandwiches. Its hot chocolate comprise of vanilla cream made in Italy as well as red chili from Mexico. The dark chocolate contains about 70% cacao which is used to improve its taste. Max Brenner also offers salad products. According to Halili (2006) the company owns Sabra which has been a very prosperous salad making company in the US. Its hummus has been the second most sold in the US.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the most recommended chocolate products customers is chocolate fondue. Its Chocolate Bars allow customers to experience its chocolate that has not been mixed with anything. Customers have a chance to experience chocolate in its melted form. The chocolate bars offer customers a relaxed modern environment where they can indulge. Max Brenner makes a variety of cold as well as hot chocolate beverages which are served in its cafes. According to The Nibble (2008) the kind of preparation given to the beverages can not be matched by any done anywhere meaning that anybody buying chocolate powder to prepare the same at home can not achieve similar results. Max Brenner is well known for its specialty in Chocolate beverages as well as some selected deserts. Max Brenner is aware that chocolate is secondary an d therefore it ensures that its packaging and design is excellent. It packages its products in beautiful reusable tins as well as sassy boxes. The company places much emphasis on service and in its restaurants and cafes, every menu entrà ©e comes with a detailed explanation. It also provides for online services which include online reservations to any of its restaurants. One can also make online shopping from its stores. The company offers delivery services to online shoppers. Its websites provide customers with information about all the products that it offers. It also provides opportunity for customers to have a live chart with its customer care. This enables customers make informed choices and also make reservations. The company also offers corporate gifts as well as wedding favors. Corporate gifts are mainly offered when one makes a large volume order or in corporate orders. They also offer services during weddings. Aspects of international business Max Brenner International In c. applies several aspects of international business. It applies the legal aspects of international business which includes business structure and contacts. In its legal business structural aspect, it operates as an exporter while in its legal business contacts aspects, it operates as a freight Forwarder and also employs commercial bank to help it in its international trade. It uses letters of credit to make its transactions. The company uses documents to secure its underlying transactions especially when it is making shipment to its customers. Commercial Letters of Credit guarantees the seller that the delivered goods will be paid for. The use of commercial letters of credit has helped Max Brenner to open new markets in other countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Analysis: Max Brenner Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company uses trade regulations to protect its intellectual prop erty and trade secrets as well as wrongful trade. It applies trade secrets to protect its chocolate culture from being stolen by competitors. In addition, it uses trademark and corporate name to protect its products. This means that it is also protected by the international agreements which offer international protection given that it is an international company. Max Brenner has also adapted the cultural aspects of international business. It extends its chocolate culture through its restaurants across the countries it operates in. It has also adopted the European style of making coffee and brought it to its US restaurants and cafes not only to attract the Europeans in the US but to bring a unique experience to all its customers. It understands the cultural differences that exist across the globe and therefore employs people from the particular regions of operation. Besides, it has franchises to enable its customers to be served by those who understand their habits better. The compan y owns franchise in its countries of operations which it rents out to other companies. In Philippines for example, MAC-CO Holdings Inc, operates all its exclusive franchise in Philippines. Therefore, its success lies in the special character of these companies that operates the franchises. Max Brenner assures its customers of the expertise of each of its employee on chocolate. It also ensures that these companies operate the franchises according to the chocolate culture of aesthetics, experience, knowledge as well as artisanship and that the quality remains the same everywhere. Strengths of Max Brenner Max Brenner has adopted modern technology especially in its marketing and sales thereby providing solutions to its millions of customers across countries and continents. Its website provides the customers with the details they need and also provides an opportunity for live chart through the internet. Customers are therefore able to shop or make corporate purchases online and even make reservations to its restaurants and cafes. The online shop has been extended to offer corporate gifts, spa collections as well as wedding favours among many others. The company has contracted an ecommerce agency to provide them with technical expertise and creativity in marketing of their products and services and to provide support and maintenance to its website. Its waiters are also specially trained to serve the customers with passion and to understand the needs of very customers. All the waiters are made to understand the professionalism of the job so as to maintain and attract customers. Other employers in charge of manufacturing of products as well as the chefs are also trained to always maintain the quality and increase creativity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weaknesses of Max Brenner The company only manufactures most of its chocolate products in Israel and not in all its countries of operation. This means that it has to incur the costs of shipments and customs which could have been reduced if it were to open other manufacturing companies in these countries. It would also reduce the risks that are associated with shipments. Reference List Halili, Y., 2006, Israel chocolate hits big apple. Web. Max Brenner International Inc., 2011, Company overview. Web. The Nibble, 2008, Max Brenner, chocolate by the bald man. Web. This essay on Organisational Analysis: Max Brenner Company was written and submitted by user Rosa K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.